1. Resistance measurement through Wheatstone bridge

 DC excitation

 AC excitation

2. Measurement of capacitance

 Wein bridge

 Schering bridge

 Small variation in capacitance

3. Inductive transducers

 Inductance measurement

 LVDT

4. Variable resistivity transducers

 Strain guage

 Resistance of a salt solution

 Variable area transducer

5. Measurement of temperature

 Thermocouple

 Thermistor

 RTD

6. Light detector

 Photo resistor

 Photo transistor

 Photo diode

7. Calibration of flow and level