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Aberrations: Transverse ray and wave aberrations, chromatic aberration, Ray tracing: paraxial, finite and oblique rays, Image evaluation: transfer functions, point spread function, encircled energy and its computation and measurement, optimization techniques in lens design, merit function, damped least square methods, orthonormalization, and global search method, Tolerance analysis; Achromatic doublets, achromats and aplanats; Cooke triplet and its derivatives; Double Gauss lens, Zoom lenses and aspherics, GRIN optics, focal shift, high and low N number focusing systems, focusing of light i

Atmospheric turbulence – source of turbulence: free atmosphere, mirror seeing, dome seeing, boundary layer. Role of Kelvin-Helmoltz instability. Kolmogorov model of turbulance. Outer scale and inner scale,Reynolds number.

Introduction to optical communication: Overview of General communication, advantage of optical communication, Basic characteristic of Optical Fiber Waveguides – Ray theory- Acceptance angle, Numerical aperture, Goos-Haenchen shift. Planar waveguides, Electromagnetic Modes in Planar waveguides and Cylindrical Waveguides, effective index method. Optical fibre and its propagation characteristics.Types of fibers, signal attenuation and losses in fibre, fiber manufacturing.

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• Generation and deigning of different pupil functions/ and diffraction

• Evaluation of point spread function of

   ◦ Diffraction limited system

   ◦ Centrally obstructed system

   ◦ Aberrated systems (Spherical aberration, coma and astigmatism)

• Evaluation of optical transfer function of the system of

  ◦ Diffraction limited system

  ◦ Aberrated systems

• Evaluation of phase transfer function of the imaging system

• Diffraction - single slit ,double slit, aperture

• Spectrometer-dispersive power of grating

• Michelson interferometer

• Fabry-Perot interferometer

• Laser Beam profile

• Birefringence

• Fourier optics

• Stoke’s parameter

• Faraday effect

• Pockel effect

• Kerr effect

• Characterization of optical sources (LED, LD)

• Characterization of optical detectors (PD, APD)

Introduction to linear vector spaces, bases and dimension, inner product, orthogonality, Fourier series,orthogonal polynomials, Cauchy Schwartz inequality, eigenvalues, eigenvectors, Hermitian operators,unitary operators, discrete Fourier transform.

Quantum Theory of Atomic Energy Levels – Radiative and Nonradiative decay of excited state atoms –Emission Broadening and linewidth – Radiation and Thermal equilibrium – Conditions for laser action –Laser Oscillation above threshold - Laser Amplifiers – Requirements for obtaining population inversion –Rate Equations for three and four level systems – Laser pumping requirements – Laser Cavity modes –Stable resonators – Gaussian beams– Special Laser Cavities – Q-switching and Mode locking –Generation of ultra fast Optical pulses– Pulse compression.

Optical materials: Glasses, IR materials, Optical, mechanical and thermal properties of optical materials,Fabrication of lenses, mirrors and flats: spherical curve generation, polishing and figuring of “Curved Surfaces” of glass materials, Aspheric surface polishing/figuring, Polishing and figuring of IR materials:Ge, ZnSe and Zns, Advanced computer controlled polishing: Techniques, MRF polishing, Ion polishing,Micro-optics fabrication techniques, Large Mirrors fabrication techniques.