Module 1: Exploring the subject matter of Economics What is Economics? Definitions – Importance of Economics for Engineers – Schools of thought The Economic Problem – Scarcity and Choice – Resource allocation – the question of What to produce, How to Produce and How to Distribute Output – its nature and Importance in developing countries – Economic Systems – Basics of Capitalism, Socialism, Mixed Economy, Market Economy and Third World Economies. Is Economics a Science? Distinction between Micro and Macro Economics. 

Software development lifecycle. Life Cycle models. Process models. Requirements specifications. Basic software architecture. Basics of software design. Introduction to UML: Class and Interaction Diagrams, Design patterns in software. Procedural design methodology, Software implementation. Testing, verification and validation. Static analysis. Introduction to software model checking. Software metrics. Software project management.

Database system architecture: Data Abstraction, Data Independence, Data Definition and Data Manipulation Languages. Data models: Entity-relationship, network, relational and object oriented data models, integrity constraints and data manipulation operations.

Relational query languages: Relational algebra, tuple and domain relational calculus, SQL and QBE. Relational database design: Domain and data dependency, Armstrongs axioms, normal forms, dependency preservation, lossless design.

Introduction: review of computer organization, introduction to popular operating systems like UNIX, Windows, Android, etc., OS structure, system calls, functions of OS, evolution of OSs. Computer organization interface: using interrupt handler to pass control between a running program and OS. Concept of a process: states, operations with examples from UNIX (fork, exec) and/or Windows. Process scheduling, interprocess communication (shared memory and message passing), UNIX signals. Threads: multithreaded model, scheduler activations, examples of threaded programs.

Classification of signals and systems, Types of signals, Transformation of independent variable, Periodic signals and Periodicity , Types of systems, Analysis of Continuous Time Signals and LTI systems: Convolution, Impulse response, Trigonometric and exponential Fourier series, Eigen functions of LTI systems, Fourier Transform, Magnitude and Phase Spectra, Properties of Fourier Transform, Laplace Transform, Region of Convergence, Properties, Linear Constant coefficient Differential Equations, State Space Matrix for continuous time systems.

Introduction to computer organization: Structure and function of a computer- Processing unit: Characteristics of CISC and RISC processors- Performance of a processing unit.

Classification of signals and systems, Types of signals, Transformation of independent variable, Periodic signals and Periodicity, Types of systems, Analysis of Continuous Time Signals and LTI systems: Convolution, Impulse response, Trigonometric and exponential Fourier series, Eigen functions of LTI systems, Fourier Transform, Magnitude and Phase Spectra, Properties of Fourier Transform, Laplace Transform, Region of Convergence, Properties, Linear Constant coefficient Differential Equations, State Space Matrix for continuous time systems.

• Stokes parameter

• Diffraction at an edge

• Fourier optics

• Fiber optics-numerical aperture and fiber loss

• Measurement of refractive index and absorption coefficient

• Characterization of optical sources – LED and Laser diode

• Pockel effect

• Kerr effect

• Ultrasonic diffraction

• Holography